Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of proinflammatory cytokines on the outcome and prognosis of bone marrow mesenchyma stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation in leukemia patients. Methods A total of 82 patients with leukemia who underwent treatment from our hospital from 3 November, 2015 to 3 May, 2017 were randomized to A (conventional supportive therapy) according to the random number table method. IL-1, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-12 were detected by ELISA before and after treatment, and the levels of IL-1, IL-1, IL-6, IL-6 and IL-12 were detected by ELISA And the changes of bone marrow hyperplasia before and after treatment in group B patients. Results The levels of IL-1 and TNF-α in the serum of the two groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.001), and the difference was statistically significant (t=13.652, P<0.001). IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-12 were significantly decreased in the B group after treatment, and the expression of IL-1 was significantly lower than that of IL-6 (t=12.247, P<0.001). The percentage of active myeloproliferation in group B was significantly higher than that before treatment (before treatment vs. before treatment:43.9% vs. 2.4%), and the difference was significant (χ²=6.276, P=0.022); the percentage of myeloproliferation was significantly reduced after treatment (before treatment vs. 19.5% vs. 43.9%), the difference was statistically significant (χ²=5.632, P=0.032). Conclusion Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can effectively reduce the inflammatory response, enhance myeloproliferative activity, improve the hematopoietic environment, and can be used as an adjunctive treatment for leukemia.