Abstract: Objective To investigate the correlation between bone mineral density and leptin, leptin receptor in patients with lumbar compression fracture. Methods From January, 2016 to January, 2017, 50 patients with single lumbar vertebral compression fracture were selected as an observation group, and 50 healthy adults were selected as a control group. The bone mineral density of the fractured vertebral body, the upper and lower vertebral body, leptin and soluble leptin receptor were detected, and the correlation between the corresponding vertebral body and leptin, soluble leptin receptor were analyzed. Results When compared with the control group, the observation group got a decreased bone mineral density of the fracture vertebral[(0.42±0.17) g/cm² vs. (0.67±0.18) g/cm², P<0.001]; a lower level of bone mineral density of the upper vertebral[(0.48±0.12) g/cm² vs. (0.61±0.15) g/cm², P<0.001]; and a reduction in bone mineral density of the lower vertebral[(0.51±0.14) g/cm² vs. (0.66±0.17) g/cm², P<0.0001]; a decrease in leptin[(2.28±0.42) μg/ml vs. (2.74±0.71) μg/ml, P<0.001]; and an increase in soluble leptin receptor[(25.57±7.48) kU/L vs. (21.62±8.12) kU/L, P=0.013]. Bone mineral density of the fractured vertebral body, the upper and lower vertebral were positively correlated with serum leptin (r=0.197, 0.214 and 0.211, P<0.05). Conclusion The serum leptin level is significantly decreased in patients with lumbar compression fracture, which is related to the loss of vertebral bone density.