Abstract: Streptococcus pneumonia (SP) is a common pathogen in children with acute otitis media, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), bacteremia, and purulent meningitis. It is a normal colonizing bacterium in the human oral and nasopharyngeal tissues. When the body's immune system is weakened, it can cause IPD, and severe SP infection can lead to serious complications such as septic shock, necrotizing pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome and acute cardiovascular events, which is the leading cause of severe pneumonia and death in children and the elderly. The prognosis of the disease and the intensity of the inflammatory response are determined by three main factors, namely, the microorganism, the host, and the treatment. The most important is the SP serotype. Avoiding its risk factors is the key to effective prevention and control of infection. Even in the era of vaccination for children and adults, IPD remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, understanding the impact of SP on the human immune system is crucial for the prevention and treatment of SP and the development of new vaccines. The innate immune system plays an important role in the development of SP infection, and its basic mechanism has become clear. The immunological mechanisms of antibody-dependent control of SP colonization have been well described. Capsular-specific antibody IgG inhibits bacterial colonization through antibody-mediated bacterial agglutination and opsonophagocytosis. Recent studies have found that SP can induce strong initial and memory helper T cells 17 (Th17) anti-SP immune responses in local mucosa, and the mechanism of mucosal immunity mediated by Th17 cells remains unclear. The further study of the immune mechanism after SP infection contributes to the prevention and diagnosis of SP infection.