Abstract: Objective Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) is a common way of intravenous administration in patients with malignant tumors. This study was designed to investigate the risk factors of PICC related thrombosis in esophageal cancer patients with chemotherapy. Methods From January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2016, a retrospective study was conducted on 306 cases of esophageal cancer patients with chemotherapy after PICC placement. The general data (including gender, age, surgery history of esophageal cancer, pathological type, TNM staging of esophageal cancer, radiotherapy history, history of venous thrombosis and history of diabetes) and catheterization data (including the puncture limb and the types of PICC catheter) were recorded and analyzed by single factor analysis, and the measurement data and numeration data were statistically analyzed with t test and χ² test respectively. The factors that had statistical differences were assigned and enrolled in the multiple factor logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 25 patients developed PICC related thrombosis in 306 cases, and the incidence was 8.2%. The single factor analysis showed that TNM staging of esophageal cancer, history of radiotherapy,history of venous thrombosis and types of PICC catheter were related with the occurrence of PICC related thrombosis. Multiple factor logistic regression analysis showed that venous thrombosis (OR=5.048, 95% CI:1.712-14.835), type of the catheter (OR=3.764,95% CI:1.239-11.985) and TNM staging (OR=2.879,95% CI:1.135-3.486) were risk factors of catheter related thrombosis in esophageal cancer patients. Conclusion The TNM staging of esophageal cancer, history of venous thrombosis and types of PICC catheter were independent risk factors with PICC related thrombosis. For these patients,taking effective preventive measures can reduce the occurrence of PICC catheter related thrombosis.