Abstract: Objective To investigate the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in our hospital and the risk factors of the disease. Methods A total of 616 preterm infants who were admitted to our hospital from November, 2015 to June, 2017 and met the 2014 screening criteria for retinopathy of prematurity were selected. All the subjects were screened for fundus diseases in preterm infants. The results were divided into ROP group and non-ROP group. The ROP group was graded and the incidence of ROP was calculated. The clinical data of all subjects were collected. The general conditions, clinical diagnosis and treatment status, complications, and maternal related conditions were compared between the two groups. Univariate analysis and Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors for ROP. Results In 616 preterm infants, there were 47 patients with ROP and the incidence was 7.7%. According to the international ROP classification criteria, 3 cases were in zone Ⅰ, 27 cases were in zone Ⅱ, 18 cases were in zone Ⅲ. And 21 cases were in stage 1, 13 cases in stage 2, 12 cases in stage 3, 1 case in stage 4A, 1 case in additional lesions of zone Ⅱ and 1 case in aggressive posterior RO (AP-ROP). The general gestational age, birth weight, head circumference, 5 min Apgar score, and asphyxia were statistically significant between the two groups (P<0.05); oxygen and oxygen inhalation time, PS, EPO, blood transfusion, the use of aminophylline and caffeine showed statistical significance between the two groups (P<0.05); among the complications, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, and intraventricular hemorrhage were statistically different between the two groups (P<0.05); the use of hormones and magnesium sulfate in the maternal condition was statistically significant between the two groups (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed the differences between ROP and non-ROP groups in gestational age (OR=0.730, 95% CI:0.658-0.815, P<0.001), oxygen intake (OR=0.159, 95% CI:1.050-37.468, P=0.044), intracranial hemorrhage(OR=0.018, 95% CI:0.001-0.621, P=0.026) and the use of caffeine (OR=0.049, 95%CI:0.003-0.754,P=0.031) were statistically significant. Conclusion The incidence of ROP is 7.7%. The gestational age, oxygen consumption, use of caffeine, and important complications (intracranial hemorrhage) are related to the occurrence of ROP.