Abstract: Objective To investigate the expression and significance of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) and osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF) in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Methods Total 70 cases of osteoporotic vertebral fractures were selected as osteoporosis group, and 70 cases of non-osteoporotic vertebral fractures were selected as control group in Quzhou People's Hospital from January 2013 to December 2016. The serum levels of OCIF and ODF were tested by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the total L_1-4 bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and left femoral neck. The SPSS20.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results The levels of serum OCIF and ODF in the osteoporosis group were higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The lumbar spine bone mineral density and femoral neck bone mineral density in the osteoporosis group were lower than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The serum OCIF, ODF in the osteoporosis group were negatively correlated with lumbar spine bone mineral density and femoral neck bone mineral density (all P < 0.05). The serum OCIF and ODF levels in patients with osteoporosis had no significant correlation with the degree of fracture (all P > 0.05). Conclusion The serum OCIF and ODF levels increase obviously in the patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures, and closely related to the bone mineral density, and not with the severity of the fracture.