Abstract: Objective To explore the clinical effect of microsurgical tumor resection on the prognosis of patients with glioma. Methods A total of 51 cases of glioma in the Department of Neurosurgery of Anqing First People's Hospital, from January 2016 to May 2018, were selected as the research objects. According to the different treatment methods, they were divided into the observation group (treatment with microsurgery) 33 cases or the control group (treatment with routine craniotomy) 18 cases, and a retrospective analysis was made regarding to their clinical data. Results The bleeding volume, operation time, incision length and hospitalization time in the observation group were less than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). Compared with those pre-operation, the scores of orientation, memory, language ability and ADL in the two groups increased significantly in half a year after operation, and the scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group ,and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, but there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The effective rate of treatment in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, and the recurrence rate in the first half a year after operation was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion Microsurgery treatment in glioma should strictly grasp the indications of treatment which is safe and feasible, which not only involves less trauma, fewer complications after operation, but also makes patients have better cognitive function and daily living ability. It has a definite clinical effect and is worthy of clinical promotion.