Abstract: Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is the most common acquired brain injury. About 43% of TBI survivors are also accompanied by chronic disabilities, and their death and disability rates are high. Neuronal cell death could be induced by the following mechanisms,such as direct attack,hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, cytokines,inflammatory mediators after TBI. How to diagnose TBI early, quickly and accurately plays an extremely important role in guiding clinical treatment and judging prognosis. The current clinical diagnosis mainly depends on Glasgow Coma Score(GCS) and clinical imaging such as craniocerebral CT and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).But in recent years, with the development of disease markers and liquid biopsy technology, TBI related biomarkers are expected to clinical application, providing important diagnostic value for early diagnosis, dynamic monitoring and evaluation the prognosis. A large number of bio-molecular markers are generated during the development of TBI,Biomedical markers of TBI appear early in the serum and cerebro-spinal fluid with a higher sensitivity and specificity than image examination. An intensive study of the change regularity of biomarkers after TBI is of important significance for clinical therapy.It provides a new basis and clue for the treatment of TBI. Some promising TBI biomarkers are summarized in this paper, including conventional biomarkers, brain tissue injury markers, secondary injury markers, and emerging molecular diagnostic markers such as susceptible genes and cell free nucleic acids. And, the development direction of accurate laboratory diagnosis of TBI is also forecasted. This review is organized in order to provide reference for TBI related biomarkers and development for new clinical laboratory diagnostic techniques.