Abstract: Osteoporosis(OP) is a skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone strength and increased risk of fractures. With the aging of population structure in China, the incidence of osteoporosis is increasing year by year. Primary osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease common in the elderly, women than men, common in postmenopausal women and the elderly, mainly including Ⅰ postmenopausal osteoporosis and Ⅱ senile osteoporosis. In order to improve the quality of life, reduce the economic burden of medical care and promote the rational allocation of resources, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis has become the key. And how to effectively treat osteoporosis has become a problem that our country and even the whole world have to face. In recent years, with the joint efforts of experts and scholars from various countries, more and more methods can be used to treat osteoporosis. Among them, calcium and vitamin D are the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of patients with osteoporosis. Before the introduction of evidence-based medicine, calcium and vitamin D supplements have been used as the basis for the treatment of osteoporosis. However, adverse reactions of oral calcium and vitamin D, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, kidney stones and cardiovascular adverse events, have begun to raise questions about the effectiveness of calcium in the treatment of osteoporosis. After the introduction of evidence-based medicine, many experts and scholars at home and abroad began to study calcium and vitamin D, and their effectiveness and safety deserve our attention. Based on the related literature, this paper reviews the research progress on the efficacy and safety of calcium and vitamin D in the treatment of osteoporosis in recent years. Conclusion:calcium and vitamin D have definite effects on osteoporosis, and active vitamin D is better than simple vitamin D. The combination of calcium and vitamin D is more effective than the single drug, and is recommended for the treatment of osteoporosis when adverse reactions are controlled.