Abstract: Objective To investigate the status of pulmonary infection in patients after the neurosurgery craniotomy, analyze its risk factors and provide decision-making basis for prevention and control of nosocomial infection. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on the clinical medical record of 1 088 patients undergoing craniotomy in the department of neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University between January and December 2016. Cases were divided into infection group(81 cases) and control group(1 007 cases) according to whether they were infected. Univariate analysis and multi factor logistic regression were used to analyze the risk factors of pulmonary infection in neurosurgery patients undergoing craniotomy. Results Among 1 088 patients, 81 patients had pulmonary infection after surgery, with an infection rate of 7.44%. Logistic regression analysis results showed that admission to ICU(OR=5.387, 95% CI: 1.582-18.339), mechanical ventilation(OR=3.720, 95% CI: 1.667-8.301), admission GCS 3-8 score points(OR=0.335, 95% CI: 0.148-0.760), hypothermia treatment(OR=5.945, 95% CI: 2.499-14.141) were independent risk factors for pulmonary infection in patients undergoing craniotomy. Conclusion Pulmonary infection is a common complication of craniotomy in neurosurgical patients, suggesting that pulmonary infection should be the focus of prevention of nosocomial infections. Patients with admission to ICU, mechanical ventilation, admission GCS score 3-8 points and hypothermia treatment should be paid close attention and take effective prevention and control measures in time to reduce the incidence of lung infection.