Abstract: Objective To analyze the data of pneumoconiosis complicated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and investigate the risk factors. Methods A total of 109 patients with pneumoconiosis complicated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted to our hospital from March 2015 to April 2018 were selected as observation group. Total 105 patients with pneumoconiosis without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were selected as the control group. The age, sex, dusting age, pneumoconiosis stage, smoking history, BMI, family history of COPD, and living environment were counted, and the risk factors of pneumoconiosis complicated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were determined by single factor and multivariate analysis. Results Univariate analysis showed that there are significant different between two group on age, dusting age, pneumoconiosis, smoking history, family history of COPD, and living environment. And multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age(OR=3.005, P=0.016), dusting age(OR=2.443, P=0.023), pneumoconiosis(OR=2.699, P=0.028), smoking history(OR=2.419, P=0.008), family history of COPD(OR=3.036, P=0.008), and living environment(OR=2.668, P=0.014) were risk factors for pneumoconiosis with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusion Age, dusting age, pneumoconiosis stage, smoking history, family history of COPD and living environment are risk factors for pneumoconiosis complicated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These risk factors should be paid attention to in clinical practice, and patients should be examined regularly to improve patients. Quality of life to prevent the occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.