Abstract: Objective To analyze the distribution of refractive error in preschool children with low vision. Methods Total 100 preschoolers diagnosed with low visual acuity and excluded from organic eye disease in Xuzhou Children's Hospital from April 2017 to October 2019 were selected as research objects. The distribution characteristics of their refractive error were analyzed. Results (1)Age distribution of refractive error: a total of 85 cases were detected in 100 preschoolers with low vision, including 50 cases in the 3-year-old group(58.82%), 20 cases in the 4-year-old group(23.53%), 10 cases in the 5-year-old group(11.76%), and 5 cases in the 6-year-old group(5.88%). The detection rates of refractive error, farsightedness and myopia in different age groups were statistically significant(all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the detection rate of mixed astigmatism among different age groups(P>0.05).(2)Distribution characteristics of amblyopia: a total of 50(50.00%) amblyopia children were detected in 100 cases of preschoolers with low vision, including 22 cases of amblyopia, 18 cases of anisometropic amblyopia, and 10 cases of strabismus amblyopia. There was a significant difference in the detection rate of amblyopia among different age groups(all P<0.05).(3)Refractive type distribution: among the 85 children with ametropia, 52(61.18%) had hyperopia, 22(25.88%) had myopic ametropia, and 11(12.94%) had mixed astigmatism.(4)Refractive degree distribution: among the 85 children with ametropia, 60(70.59%) had mild ametropia, 21(24.71%) had moderate ametropia, and 4(4.71%) had severe ametropia. Conclusion The refractive error of preschool children with low vision mainly occurs in young children. With the increase of age, the incidence of refractive error gradually decreases. The type of refractive error is mainly hyperopia, and the degree of refractive error is mainly mild. The refractive examination is essential for preschool children with low vision.