Abstract: Objective To investigate the academic adaptation condition and characteristics of rural oriented medical students in order to provide reference for improving their academic adaptation ability. Methods The College Student Academic Adaptation Scale which including learning motivation,learning attitude,learning ability,teaching model and learning environment were filled out by 602 rural oriented medical students.Then the data were collected and analyzed. Results The average score of academic adaptation of rural oriented medical students was 3.25±0.46,which was higher than the average critical value.The score of average,learning attitude,teaching model and learning environment dimensions of females were higher than those of males(P<0.05).The score of learning environment of students from city and only-child family were higher than that of students from countryside and non-only-child family(P<0.05).The score of learning attitude of non-only-child family was higher than that of only-child family(P<0.05).The score of average,learning motivation,learning attitude,learning ability and teaching model were higher in success in class than those in failed in class(P<0.05).The score of average,learning motivation,learning ability and learning altitude in grade 1,2,3 were higher than those in grade 4(P<0.05).The average score of academic adaptation t in grade 3 was the highest,while in grade4 was lowest. Conclusion The academic adaptation of rural oriented medical students is better than average critical value.But academic adaptation in different grade,gender,family environment and passing examination was differences.The appropriate learning plans should be made for different students for improving their academic adaptation ability efficiently.