Abstract: Objective To explore the role in the pathogenesis of benign infantile convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (BICE) by study the changes of S-100β,myelin basic protein (MBP) and neuron-specific enofase (NSE) levels in cerebrospinal fluid. Methods Total 38 cases of children with BICE in our hospitalized were recruited,they were set to observe group.Eighteen children admitted due to acute upper respiratory infection were recruited to the control group.Convulsion occurrences are divided into two groups,the observation group 1(seizure frequency less than twice) in 16 cases,observation group 2(seizure frequency greater than or equal to twice)22 cases.The S-100β,MBP and NSE levels of each group in cerebrospinal fluid and serum were measured by ELISA. Results Levels of S-100β and NSE in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in BICE patients were higher than those of the control group (P<0.01),and these items in observation group 2 were found to be higher than those in observation group 2(P<0.01).There were no significant differences in MBP levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum between BICE patients and control group (P>0.05),and these items were found no significant differences in two observation groups (P>0.05).The levels of S-100β and NSE in serum after treatment were significantly decreased than those before treatment in two observation groups (P<0.01). Conclusion level of S-100β and NSE were correlated well with the severity of BICE children.With an increase of seizure number,the damage of nerve cells increased in BICE patients.There were no pathological changes in myelin structure in BICE patients.