Abstract: Objective To verified the changes of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2 (PGF2α) as potential molecular markers in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) associated with choroidal detachment (CD). Methods Total 56 primary patients (26 cases of RRD associated with CD and 30 cases of RRD) undergoing pars plana vitrectomy in Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital between September, 2014 and October, 2015 were collected. The level of prostaglandin E2 and F2α in vitreous fluid were tested by using ELISA. Results PGE2 level in vitreous of RRD associated with CD group was lower than that in RRD group, the difference was statistically significant (P <0. 01). However, the PGF2α level was not significantly difference between the two groups (P=0. 865). In the RRD associated with CD group, the level of PGE2 and PGF2α in vitreous had no significant difference between different grades of PVR (A, B, C, D), P=0. 409, 0. 389; the level of PGE2 and PGF2α had no significant difference between mild PVR (A and B) and heavy PVR (C and D), P=0. 433, 0. 948. Conclusion The PGE2 level in vitreous of RRD associated with CD was less than RRD and this result is consistent with earlier study. It might indicate a greater consumption of PGE2 that would be stimulated by inflammation or a loss of limitation of inflammatory responses. Besides, the level of PGE2 is not correlated with PVR grades. PGF2α does not show the potential as biomarker in process of RRDCD.