Research and predictive analysis on the fairness of resource allocation of general practitioners in China
-
摘要:
目的 分析我国全科医生配置公平性,并预测其未来发展趋势,为促进全科医学事业发展提供理论参考。 方法 以2017—2021年我国全科医生数量为研究样本,采用卫生资源密度指数和年增长率对我国全科医生资源配置进行描述性分析,使用基尼系数和集聚度进行公平性研究,并利用灰色模型GM(1,1)开展预测分析。 结果 在观测期内,我国全科医生年增长率为14.53%,卫生资源密度指数分别为0.069、0.084、0.098、0.110和0.118;我国全科医生人口基尼系数分别为0.231、0.224、0.177、0.157、0.147,地理基尼系数分别为0.727、0.730、0.715、0.709、0.717,地理集聚度东部和中部大于1,西部小于1,人口集聚度东部大于1,中部和西部小于1;灰色模型GM(1,1)预测2022—2025年我国全科医生数量分别为494 402、551 471、615 127、686 131人,每万人口全科医生数为3.50、3.89、4.33、4.83人。 结论 我国全科医生数量稳步增长,但地区间分布不均衡;全科医生资源配置人口公平性优于地理公平性;全科医生资源配置区域差距明显,公平性有待提高;预测我国全科医生资源未来发展态势良好。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the equity of general practitioner allocation in China and to forecast future trends. The findings will provide a theoretical reference for the promotion of general practice development. Methods The research sample comprised the number of general practitioners in China from 2017 to 2021. A descriptive analysis of the allocation of general practitioners in China was conducted using the health resource density index and annual growth rate. The Gini coefficient and agglomeration degree were employed to assess the fairness of the distribution, while the grey model GM (1, 1) was utilized to conduct predictive analysis. Results During the observation period, the annual growth rate of general practitioners in China was 14.53%, with corresponding health resource density indexes of 0.069, 0.084, 0.098, 0.110 and 0.118, respectively. The population Gini coefficients of general practitioners in China are 0.231, 0.224, 0.177, 0.157 and 0.147, respectively. The corresponding geographical Gini coefficients are 0.727, 0.730, 0.715, 0.709 and 0.717, respectively. The geographical agglomeration degree is greater than 1 in the eastern and central regions, less than 1 in the western region, greater than 1 in the eastern region, and less than 1 in the central and western regions. The grey model GM (1, 1) predicts that the number of general practitioners in China from 2022 to 2025 will be 494 402, 551 471, 615 127 and 686 131, respectively. Additionally, the number of general practitioners per 10 000 population will be 3.50, 3.89, 4.33 and 4.83, respectively. Conclusion The number of general practitioners in China has increased at a consistent rate; however, the regional distribution remains imbalanced. The distribution of the general practitioner population is more equitable than that of geography. It is clear that there are significant regional differences in the distribution of general practitioner resources and that improvements in fairness are needed. It is anticipated that the future development of general practitioner resources in China will be favourable. -
Key words:
- General practitioner /
- Resource allocation /
- Equity /
- Grey prediction model
-
表 1 2017—2021年我国全科医生队伍基本情况
Table 1. Overview of general practitioners in China: trends from 2017 to 2021
年份 全科医生数(人) 注册为全科医学专业(人) 取得全科医生培训证的人数(人) 注册为乡村全科执业助理医师的人数(人) 每万人口全科医生数(人) 每百平方千米全科医生数(人) HRDI 2017 252 717 96 235 156 482 1.82 2.6 0.069 2018 308 740 156 800 151 940 2.22 3.2 0.084 2019 365 082 210 622 154 460 2.61 3.7 0.098 2020 408 820 255 867 152 953 2.90 4.2 0.110 2021 434 868 314 279 120 589 3.08 4.5 0.118 注:2017—2020年,全科医生数指注册为全科医学专业和取得全科医生培训合格证的执业(助理)医师数之和。2021年,全科医生数指注册为全科医学专业和注册为乡村全科执业(助理)医师的人数之和。 表 2 2017—2021年我国各地区全科医生数量配置情况
Table 2. Distribution of general practitioners across regions of China from 2017 to 2021
地区 年份(人) 年增长率(%) 2021年每万人口全科医生数(人) 2021年每百平方千米全科医生数(人) 2021年HRDI 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 全国 252 717 308 740 365 082 408 820 434 868 14.53 3.08 4.53 0.118 东部 139 473 170 362 192 116 207 862 224 229 12.60 3.69 21.12 0.279 中部 63 269 75 302 94 847 106 306 113 757 15.80 2.71 6.81 0.136 西部 49 975 63 076 78 119 94 652 96 882 18.00 2.53 1.41 0.060 北京 8 591 8 861 9 267 9 918 9 303 2.01 4.25 55.38 0.485 天津 3 749 4 138 4 568 5 051 5 615 10.63 4.09 49.69 0.451 河北 10 017 11 292 18 407 18 995 24 410 24.94 3.28 13.00 0.206 山西 6 372 5 962 6 516 7 033 7 441 3.95 2.14 4.76 0.101 内蒙古 3 986 4 894 5 801 6 042 6 103 11.24 2.54 0.52 0.036 辽宁 6 273 9 002 10 847 11 771 11 922 17.41 2.82 8.17 0.152 吉林 5 130 4 965 7 536 7 992 8 272 12.69 3.48 4.41 0.124 黑龙江 4 493 5 637 6 593 6 942 6 906 11.35 2.21 1.52 0.058 上海 8 491 8 629 9 924 9 876 10 673 5.88 4.29 169.41 0.852 江苏 27 578 47 794 47 601 49 628 49 433 15.71 5.81 48.18 0.529 浙江 30 467 26 047 27 406 27 628 23 446 -6.34 3.59 22.99 0.287 安徽 10 430 12 917 15 116 18 501 17 101 13.16 2.80 12.24 0.185 福建 6 897 8 182 9 157 10 145 11 644 13.99 2.78 9.60 0.163 江西 5 268 5 620 6 705 8 031 9 624 16.26 2.13 5.76 0.111 山东 13 565 17 426 21 034 24 760 35 914 27.56 3.53 23.35 0.287 河南 15 567 20 497 22 763 24 358 33 830 21.42 3.42 20.26 0.263 湖北 8 969 10 863 12 857 13 847 12 625 8.92 2.17 6.79 0.121 湖南 7 040 8 841 16 761 19 602 17 958 26.38 2.71 8.48 0.152 广东 22 712 27 638 31 950 37 177 39 016 14.48 3.08 21.68 0.258 广西 6 275 7 958 10 662 13 149 13 091 20.18 2.60 5.55 0.120 海南 1 133 1 353 1 955 2 913 2 853 25.97 2.80 8.39 0.153 重庆 3 866 6 348 8 117 8 769 8 944 23.33 2.78 10.87 0.174 四川 11 343 13 404 17 838 25 213 20 776 16.33 2.48 4.32 0.103 贵州 5 014 6 238 6 466 7 572 9 269 16.60 2.41 5.27 0.113 云南 5 253 6 381 8 812 9 481 9 250 15.19 1.97 2.41 0.069 西藏 247 352 642 730 467 17.26 1.28 0.04 0.007 陕西 3 578 4 979 5 300 8 098 13 255 38.73 3.35 6.45 0.147 甘肃 3 824 4 835 5 994 6 516 7 422 18.03 2.98 1.63 0.070 青海 1 230 1 315 1 514 1 625 1 686 8.20 2.84 0.23 0.026 宁夏 926 1 279 1 500 1 638 1 627 15.13 2.24 2.45 0.074 新疆 4 433 5 093 5 473 5 819 4 992 3.01 1.93 0.30 0.024 表 3 2017—2021年我国不同地区全科医生资源配置的集聚度
Table 3. Regional concentration of general practitioner resource allocation in China (2017 - 2021)
地区 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 HRAD HRAD/PAD HRAD HRAD/PAD HRAD HRAD/PAD HRAD HRAD/PAD HRAD HRAD/PAD 东部 4.996 1.294 4.995 1.290 4.763 1.228 4.602 1.181 4.667 1.196 中部 1.441 0.826 1.404 0.809 1.495 0.865 1.496 0.873 1.505 0.880 西部 0.276 0.731 0.285 0.754 0.299 0.789 0.323 0.852 0.311 0.821 北京 19.446 2.166 16.418 1.837 14.520 1.632 13.878 1.563 12.238 1.379 天津 12.617 1.471 11.399 1.360 10.641 1.272 10.508 1.256 10.981 1.327 河北 2.029 0.748 1.873 0.691 2.581 0.953 2.379 0.878 2.874 1.063 山西 1.550 1.004 1.187 0.774 1.097 0.719 1.058 0.695 1.052 0.694 内蒙古 0.128 0.906 0.129 0.918 0.129 0.926 0.120 0.867 0.114 0.825 辽宁 1.635 0.805 1.921 0.953 1.957 0.978 1.897 0.954 1.806 0.914 吉林 1.041 1.123 0.825 0.908 1.059 1.187 1.003 1.149 0.975 1.130 黑龙江 0.376 0.731 0.386 0.770 0.382 0.781 0.359 0.755 0.336 0.717 上海 51.253 1.904 42.635 1.584 41.466 1.543 36.851 1.369 37.439 1.391 江苏 10.222 1.811 14.500 2.572 12.213 2.168 11.371 2.019 10.648 1.885 浙江 11.359 2.731 7.949 1.887 7.073 1.658 6.367 1.473 5.080 1.163 安徽 2.839 0.952 2.878 0.966 2.848 0.957 3.113 1.045 2.705 0.907 福建 2.162 0.938 2.100 0.906 1.987 0.854 1.966 0.841 2.121 0.902 江西 1.200 0.646 1.048 0.566 1.057 0.573 1.130 0.613 1.274 0.691 山东 3.354 0.748 3.527 0.786 3.600 0.803 3.784 0.840 5.160 1.145 河南 3.545 0.876 3.820 0.944 3.588 0.887 3.429 0.845 4.477 1.110 湖北 1.835 0.840 1.819 0.834 1.821 0.837 1.751 0.831 1.501 0.702 湖南 1.264 0.587 1.299 0.606 2.083 0.974 2.176 1.017 1.874 0.880 广东 4.798 1.035 4.779 1.017 4.672 0.987 4.855 1.016 4.790 0.998 广西 1.011 0.707 1.050 0.731 1.189 0.825 1.310 0.904 1.226 0.843 海南 1.267 0.645 1.239 0.626 1.514 0.758 2.014 0.993 1.854 0.907 重庆 1.786 0.680 2.401 0.912 2.596 0.982 2.505 0.943 2.402 0.903 四川 0.896 0.757 0.867 0.732 0.975 0.824 1.231 1.039 0.954 0.805 贵州 1.083 0.729 1.103 0.742 0.967 0.648 1.011 0.677 1.164 0.781 云南 0.521 0.619 0.518 0.617 0.605 0.721 0.581 0.693 0.533 0.640 西藏 0.008 0.391 0.009 0.452 0.014 0.686 0.014 0.688 0.008 0.414 陕西 0.662 0.507 0.754 0.576 0.679 0.518 0.926 0.706 1.425 1.087 甘肃 0.320 0.839 0.331 0.874 0.347 0.921 0.337 0.899 0.361 0.967 青海 0.065 1.161 0.057 1.018 0.055 0.990 0.053 0.945 0.052 0.921 宁夏 0.530 0.726 0.600 0.819 0.595 0.807 0.580 0.784 0.542 0.728 新疆 0.102 0.989 0.096 0.918 0.087 0.825 0.082 0.775 0.066 0.625 表 4 我国全科医生资源预测结果
Table 4. Prediction results of general practitioner resources in China
年份 全科医生数 我国人口数 每万人口全科医生数 实际值(人) 预测值(人) 相对误差(%) 实际值(万人) 预测值(万人) 相对误差(%) 实际值(人) 预测值(人) 相对误差(%) 2017 252 717 252 717 0.00 139 779 139 779 0.00 1.81 1.81 0.00 2018 308 740 319 382 3.45 140 310 140 429 0.08 2.20 2.27 3.36 2019 365 082 356 249 2.42 140 805 140 674 0.09 2.59 2.53 2.33 2020 408 820 397 370 2.80 141 013 140 920 0.07 2.90 2.82 2.74 2021 434 868 443 239 1.92 141 060 141 166 0.07 3.08 3.14 1.85 2022 494 402 141 412 3.50 2023 551 471 141 659 3.89 2024 615 127 141 906 4.33 2025 686 131 142 154 4.83 -
[1] 寇儒欣, 梅康妮, 秘玉清, 等. 中国全科医生资源配置公平性现状研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2023, 26(19): 2339-2345, 2354. doi: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0686KOU R X, MEI C N, MI Y Q, et al. Fairness in the distribution of general practitioner resources in Chinese Mainland[J]. Chinese General Practice, 2023, 26(19): 2339-2345, 2354. doi: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0686 [2] 祁丽, 吴爽, 柏海蓉, 等. 基于三维分析框架的我国全科医生培养政策量化研究[J]. 中华全科医学, 2023, 21(11): 1813-1817, 1833. doi: 10.16766/j.cnki.issn.1674-4152.003231QI L, WU S, BAI H R, et al. Quantitative research on general practitioner policies in China based on a three-dimensional analysis framework[J]. Chinese Journal of General Practice, 2023, 21(11): 1813-1817, 1833. doi: 10.16766/j.cnki.issn.1674-4152.003231 [3] 赵若楠, 王健, 韩彩欣. 我国西部地区卫生人力资源配置公平性及发展预测研究[J]. 卫生经济研究, 2023, 40(6): 22-25, 29.ZHAO R N, WANG J, HAN C X. Study on Equity and development forecast of health human resources allocation in the western of China[J]. Health Economics Research, 2023, 40(6): 22-25, 29. [4] 陈浩斌, 林芷涵, 王泽嘉毓, 等. 我国医疗资源错配的时空分异及其提升路径[J]. 现代预防医学, 2024, 51(8): 1453-1459.CHEN H B, LIN Z H, WANG Z J Y, et al. Spatial-temporal differentiation and promotion path of medical resource misallocation in China[J]. Modern preventive medicine, 2024, 51(8): 1453-1459. [5] 李召帅, 王超, 卢祖洵. 山东省乡村卫生人力资源配置公平性研究[J]. 医学与社会, 2023, 36(11): 38-44.LI Z S, WANG C, LU Z X. Study on the equity of rural health human resources allocation in Shandong Province[J]. Medicine and Society, 2023, 36(11): 38-44. [6] 夏晴, 熊季霞. 基于集聚度的我国中医药卫生资源配置公平性分析[J]. 中国医院管理, 2022, 42(5): 27-31.XIA Q, XIONG J X. Equality analysis of chinese medicine health resources allocation in China based on agglomeration degree[J]. Chinese Hospital Management, 2022, 42(5): 27-31. [7] 丁海峰, 高凯, 罗娟, 等. 基于GM(1, 1)灰色预测模型的我国民营医院发展趋势预测[J]. 医学与社会, 2021, 34(3): 1-6.DING H F, GAO K, LUO J, et al. Prediction of the development trend of private hospitals in China based on the GM (1, 1) Model[J]. Medicine and Society, 2021, 34(3): 1-6. [8] 黄丽红, 施慧玲, 林尧, 等. 海口市5岁以下儿童贫血率既往变化及未来趋势预测研究[J]. 中华全科医学, 2023, 21(8): 1343-1346. doi: 10.16766/j.cnki.issn.1674-4152.003119HUANG L H, SHI H L, LIN Y, et al. Trend analysis and prediction of anemia prevalence in children under 5 years old in Haikou[J]. Chinese Journal of General Practice, 2023, 21(8): 1343-1346. doi: 10.16766/j.cnki.issn.1674-4152.003119 [9] 朱晓宇, 王前强. 基于GM(1, 1)灰色预测模型的广西民营医院现状及发展趋势分析[J]. 广西医学, 2023, 45(9): 1065-1069, 1088.ZHU X Y, WANG Q Q. Current status and development tendency analysis of Guangxi private hospitals based on the GM(1, 1)grey prediction model[J]. Guangxi Medical Journal, 2023, 45(9): 1065-1069, 1088. [10] 陈志航, 蔡娟. 国外医疗卫生服务体系分析与思考[J]. 中国医院, 2023, 27(4): 74-76.CHEN Z H, CAI J. Analysis and reflection on foreign medical and health service systems[J]. Chinese Hospital, 2023, 27(4): 74-76. [11] 汤少梁, 龚颖. "互联网+"医联体背景下分级诊疗的系统动力学分析[J]. 卫生经济研究, 2020, 37(9): 3-8.TANG S L, GGON Y. System dynamics analysis of hierarchical diagnosis andtreatment under the "Internet+" medical alliance[J]. Health Economic Research, 2020, 37(9): 3-8. [12] 吴爽, 席彪, 曹志辉. 基于fsQCA组态视角的我国全科医生资源配置公平性及影响路径研究[J]. 医学与社会, 2024, 37(3): 14-19, 26.WU S, XI B, CAO Z H. Study on the equity and influence path of general practitioner allocation in China from the perspective of fsQCA configuration[J]. Medicine and Society, 2024, 37(3): 14-19, 26. [13] 孙瑜, 吴爽. 我国东中西部地区卫生资源配置效率比较及影响路径研究[J]. 医学与社会, 2024, 37(4): 61-67.SUN Y, WU S. Study on comparison of health resource allocation efficiency and influence path in eastern central and western regions of China[J]. Medicine and Society, 2024, 37(4): 61-67. [14] 赵旭东, 高贝贝, 李雷. "心身医学-导师负责制"新模式在全科规范化培训中的探索[J]. 医学研究杂志, 2023, 52(4): 189-192.ZHAO X D, GAO B B, LI L. The exploration of the new model of 'psychosomatic medicine-tutor responsibility system' in the standardized training of general practitioners[J]. Journal of Medical Research, 2023, 52(4): 189-192. [15] 接纯纯, 周典, 田帝, 等. 基于共生理论的远程会诊与线上诊疗融合发展模式研究[J]. 中国医院管理, 2022, 42(7): 43-46.JIE C C, ZHOU D, TIAN D, et al. Research on the integrated development model of remote consultation and online diagnosis and treatment based on symbiosis theory[J]. Chinese Hospital Management, 2022, 42(7): 43-46.