Aplastic anemia evolving into acute myeloid leukemia: a case report and literature review

By retrospectively analyzing the clinical data of a pediatric patient with aplastic anemia (AA) converted to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at a later stage of the disease, we analyzed the clinical characteristics, treatment course, and regression. The child was diagnosed with AA and was given cyclosporine combined with androgens, leukocyte boosting, transfusion of component blood and antithymocyte globulin(ATG) combined with mesenchymal stem cells, and other comprehensive treatments were ineffective. In 2018, AA was converted to AML, and chemotherapy was administered after completing relevant investigations, with poor overall efficacy, and the patient's family chose to undergo chimeric antigen receptor T-cell cellular immunotherapy (CAR-T) treatment at an outside hospital in 2021, and the patient died on subsequent follow-up due to deterioration and aggravation of the condition. Further study of the clinical features of AA patients transformed to AML. Thus, for patients with benign hematologic diseases and chromosomal abnormalities have a higher probability of secondary malignant hematologic tumors after immunosuppressive therapy, and early exclusion of related chromosomal karyotype abnormalities and poor recovery of normal hematopoietic cells is the key to avoid and reduce the transformation of benign diseases to malignant hematologic tumors as early as possible.